Candide Or Optimism by Voltaire Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Among all of his creative achievements, Candide remains an insignia of the philosopher s unique technique to exhibit his perfectness in presenting a satire with the enterprising blend of surrealism and romanticism to reach the theme deep into the hearts of the readers. Voltaire s skeptical views of the domineering social structure based on the norms of religious practices provoked his intellect to create satires that challenged the feudal society by as early as 18th century. The presentation strategy he applied in displaying the characterization of a protagonist stands out as an insignia that detaches his work from other pieces of literature of his time. The specifications of satirical questions in the text of Candide are thought provoking. In a context Candide asks, If this is the best of all possible worlds, what are the others? (ch. 6) . It is a challenge on the proclamations of religious heads of the community that always taught the faith beyond the reality of the actual life. The need of enlightenment was seen as the most important tool to reconstruct the social policies of the early 18th century in which human elements of social life were denied to common men. We will write a custom essay sample on Candide Or Optimism by Voltaire or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The book deals largely with the critical literature to fight back the tactics of the state s adoption of negotiators to eye-wash the public by false promises to the public. Candide says, Pangloss deceived me cruelly when he said that all is for the best in the world(ch. 7) . Voltaire presents Pangloss as the representative of the state to talk for peace among the people in order to subdue the intellectual powers of emerging leaders who questioned the policies of the state. The book is reveals the unacceptable norms of the administrators to impose emotional and intellectual control over the people through the exercise of religious implications and advantages of social condition that denied the rights of individuals during the time till 18th century. Through the book Candide , the author expresses his emotional urge for reacting to the social perspectives of the statesmen during the age of enlightenment. Candide is a mixture of violence, love, competition a nd philosophical arguments in a balanced proportion. It can be considered a total insightful approach of the author about the perils of a man s struggle for achieving the civilized state through the miseries of his actual state of being.

Violent Video Games Cause Youth Violence - 2030 Words

Video games have become increasingly popular among people of various ages. The more technology advances the more appealing video games seem to get with high definition graphics and better storylines. The first video game ever made was back in 1958, it was played on a Brookhaven National Laboratory oscilloscope, and it doesn’t hold a candle to the video games of today (Bellis par. 2). Video games have gone from big-chunky complicated systems to little-compact systems of entertainment. After the first video game was developed came the first game that was intended for computer use, followed by the first game played on a television set, and then the first arcade game in 1971 (Bellis par. 4). Soon after there were video games developed that†¦show more content†¦4). Children may play or watch there older siblings or someone else playing a violent video game and then they may believe that it is okay to do what is being portrayed, so they don’t necessarily need to be t he one playing the game they could just be exposed to it. In a video game there may be some swear words and children usually idolize the characters of the game and copy what they say. First the youth will be speaking like the character they idolize, then acting like them and copying their movements thinking that it is nothing wrong with the way they are acting. Some people may argue that when children are around age eight they are able to distinguish reality and fantasy, and according to rating systems they shouldn’t be playing violent video games at their age anyway so there is no harm. â€Å"The Entertainment Software Rating Board ratings provide concise and objective information about the content in video games and apps so consumers, especially parents, can make informed choices† (â€Å"ESRB Ratings Guide† par. 1). The rating system has seven different categories—Early Childhood, Everyone, Everyone 10+, Teen, Mature, Adults Only, and Rating Pending (â€Å"ESRB Ratings Guide† par. 4). For higher rated games young children shouldn’t be able to get their hands on them, one of the only way they could get there hands on them would be for their parents bought it for them. Some peopleShow MoreRelatedDo Violent Video Games Make People More Violent?1277 Words   |  6 PagesDo Violent Video Games Make Pe ople More Violent in Real Life? The American Psychological Association reports that more than 90% of children in the United States play video games.Among kids between the ages of 12 and 17, the number rises to 97%. The psychological group also reported that 85% or more of video games on the market contain some form of violence (Do Video Games Lead to Violence). A video game may be considered violent if it contains â€Å"violent† language, gore/blood, and crime. Video gamesRead MoreVideo Games And Youth Violence1181 Words   |  5 Pagespast few centuries,video games have become a great leisure and hobby among kids of all ages and cultures. With the advancement of technology, video games have advanced highly in its realism and genres. This high type of advancement brought the video game industry to a multi-billion dollar industry. However, with realism, comes negative effects as well. Ever since the creation of violent or â€Å"mature† video games, there has been a constant debate on whether it will increase violence in the player. AlthoughRead MoreMedia s Influence On The Youth Of America1454 Words   |  6 Pagesrole on the youth of America. A majority of children and young adults have access to internet, television, radio, newspapers, and video games practically any time they want. The violence in media, along with the availability of media are increasing, however the most predominant form of media for children is video games. Because of this, many are concerned with the effects on the youth. The violence in video games is a cause for aggressive emotions, thoughts, and behaviors in the youth of America.Read MoreThe Effects of Violent Video Games on the Young1575 Words   |  6 Pageslike the bad reputation rock and roll music received in the 1950’s, violent video games have been questioned and looked down upon as a newer form of influential media. Violent video games have been blamed for bullying, school shootings, increasing rape, and increasing the amount of wome n being abused. Despite the popular belief that video games can be very harmful to a child’s mind and cause violent behavior, video games don’t cause as much psychological damage to children as people have been tryingRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Violent Behavior1127 Words   |  5 PagesIt widely argued against whether violent video games can trigger violent behavior among those who play them. There s many cases of the violent video games being the main factor of the person being violent, however their is plenty of factors that play a role in the case from parental neglect to drug abuse. In 1983 C. Everett Koop, the U.S. Surgeon General, claimed that video games were a leading cause of family violence. Although video game advocates argue that majority of the research on the topicRead MoreVideo Games Do Not Contribute to Youth Violence Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesVideo games are not the cause of youth violence. There are many factors that have to be lined up to cause a child to be violent. For instance Many kids that become violent have had a rough life. They may have been poor, bullied, have alcoholic parents, neglected, or dont have parents at all (kids health). Over the years games have helped kids adapt to things in the world to better help their futures (washington post). Studies prove that video games can help children learn new mechanics (washingtonRead MoreViolent Video Games Lead to Violence Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagesbecoming more violent. Some worry that certain aspects of our technology, including the intenseness of violent video games, are affecting the violence among America’s youth, while others don’t see this as an issue at all. A study done in 2004, Factors Correlated with Violent Video Games Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls, reported that boys in grades seventh and eighth played violent video games to either release their anger or help them relax. According to the suggestion that video games act as a stressRead MoreEffect of Video Game Violence on Children and Teens Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesViolent video games can lead to aggressive and violent behavior in children and adolescents. â€Å"Violent media increase aggression by teaching observers how to aggress, by priming aggressive cognition (including previously learned aggressive scripts and aggressive perceptual schemata), by increasing arousal, or by creating an aggressive state† (Anderson and Bushman 355). As more children are becoming exposed violence in video games in the recent years, violence in schools and other locations where childrenRead MoreViolence in Television, Movies, and Video Games Should Not Be Censored1653 Words   |  7 PagesVIOLENCE IN TELEVISION, MOVIES, AND VIDEO GAMES SHOULD NOT BE CENSORED Television, movies, and video games have a great influence on the minds of todays youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that these media have on todays youth. Many people, including government officials, have singled out these three media sources as the cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the blame. The truth isRead MoreCensoring of Violent Video Games1152 Words   |  5 PagesThere has always been controversy as to whether violent video games should be censored. Video games should be censored for the good of society. Video games do harm to teens and society due to making teens accumulate frustrations,makes teens think violence is acceptable in problem solving, and makes them very unhealthy but it also does some good, such as helps teens control their emotions, makes them conscious of what is good from what is bad, and helps them get rid of stress. This controversy may

Intermediary Determinants of Social Inequalities

Question: Discuss about the Intermediary Determinants of Social Inequalities. Answer: Introduction The social inequality occurs within the society due to unequal distribution of opportunity within the people. There is also unequal distribution of resources among the people of the society. In this report, a textbook of related to the study of sociology is chosen and analyzed along with two peers-reviewed articles, related to the study of social inequality provided in the report. The content of the article is compared to other peer reviewed article of a related topic. The first article for this report mainly focuses on the social structure in the European society, which leads to the inequality among the people of the working class. This social inequality is responsible for the mental stress among the working class people within the working class of the European community. The second article discusses the planning steps that are needed to be adopted in order to reduce social inequality among the children of the European Society, which is necessary improve the health condition of the children. Social Stratification In this book, John J. Macionis and Linda M. Gerber have discussed the social inequality and stratification that exists within the society. The social stratification is one of the major characteristics of the society, which exists due to the unequal distribution of power within the society. The authors began the chapter by mentioning the example of the accident, which took place in the Titanic ship in the year of 1912. More than 1600 people died in the tragic accident. However, on the ship, the first class passengers got better chance of survival compared to the passenger with second class tickets. More than 60% of the first class passengers survived compared to just 36% of the second class passengers. Caste System The authors have mentioned about the caste system in the society in India, which is one of the major examples of social stratification. The caste system also played a major part in the social class of middle age of England, where the people belonging to the aristocrat class have the authority to become the members of the church. Mental Health of Workers In this article, the aim of the research is to investigate the inequality that exists in the society of the employees and the mental well-being of individual depending upon the social class of each. On the other hand, the social class of the individual is judged based on the class scheme provided by the E.O Wright. The mental illness among the patients is created due to the stress that is created among the workers due to the adverse effects of social inequality. Collection of data The researchers have used exclusive form of the secondary data and hence did not require ethical approval. The data of the person whose age is over 15 years are collected and also about the individual wage, which is being collected. The data were collected from 19 different countries of Europe. Mental health and Social inequality The result of the research suggests that the social inequality in the European working class population is responsible for the mental stress among the people. The people working in the higher position like the mangers have better mental health condition of the compared to the unskilled workers. Hence, it is crucial to improving the relation between the individual of a different class of the society. Mental development of young Children The researchers have done a systemic review on the intervention adopted by parents of the European countries in order to improve the health condition of the children by reducing the social inequality. The children belonging from the backwards section of the society is likely to have poor developmental records. PRISMA technique The guidelines for the PRISMA techniques are used in the systemic review. The researchers have used the techniques related to universalism intervention and proportionate study using the electronic search strategy described. The online database source Pub Med is used for this purpose along with the International Bibliography of Social Science. Intervention techniques are applied in the case of using techniques with that of the children. Effective Intervention technique The investigators had identified 23 intervention techniques, from all the articles they have selected. Only one of the intervention techniques is being applied in the society of UK and Ireland. The intervention techniques along with the education of the evidence-practice can help to improve upon the discrimination caused due to the inequality among the parenting care. Comparison of Articles The research work has measured the level of unemployment due to inequality in the society of Spain during the time of economic crisis. The main focus of this research is based on the educational inequality, which affects the mental health condition of the workers. Unlike the investigation in Journal A, where the researchers have focused in on the general aspects of the inequality that exits in the society of the Europe, whereas in the later case the investigators have focused on the effects of the inequality caused by the economic crisis. There are several cases of unemployment caused due to the effects of economic crisis in Spain (Crdoba-Doa et al., 2016). This study also focuses on the effects of social inequality in the Spain, which is unlike the case of the Journal A, where the focus was on 19 different nations of Europe. However, like the other journal, this study also focuses on the mental health condition of the working class people due to the effects of unemployment (Macionis Gerber, 2008). For this study, the cross-sectional method of study was used. The age of the target group for data collection was 19 to 64 years. The Poisson regression methods are also used in this case. The study also concluded that the economic recession was responsible for poor mental health condition among the people. The secondary data has also been in this case, which helped the researcher to compare and analyze the data of that of the previously done research. The conclusion of the research work unlike that of journal A has been able to identify the financial reasons for the poor mental health condition. The research work in the above mentioned article focuses on the importance of social capital aid, which is needed to remove the social inequality among the children and also among well-being of the children and adolescents. Like the area of focus in that of journal B, this article also focuses on the intervention methods needed to improve the mental well-being of children and adolescents caused due to the adverse effects of social inequality. The health inequality is one of the major issues among the children of Europe. There have been several cases of pre-mature death among the children in all over Europe due to poor mental health condition, which leads to poor physical condition. The study has focused on the role of social capital, which gives rise to the social inequality among the children (Veerle et al., 2013). This study is based on the literature review, which is similar to that of the case of journal B. In both the cases, the researchers have reviewed the pervious articles of the relevant topic, which is available in the online databases. The systemic review, in this case, is aimed to focus on the socio-economic status of the individual. The articles published from the USA, Australia was also used along with the journals of Europe. This is unlike the case of journal B, where the researchers have only used the articles published from the European countries. The conclusion of this study suggests that the flow of social capital is mainly responsible for the unequal health status among the individuals. This study has focused on the minority groups of the European community. It is also essential to formulate the European policies, which will help to focus on the relevant issues. Both the studies focus on the importance of social and economic policies, which could help to resolve the problem of social inequality that exists within the various communities. Critical Thinking of the Sociology Text The chosen text provides an unparalleled discussion about the elements, which leads to inequality within the society. The authors have used various examples from the past in order explain the effects of social inequality. The result of the survey, which is mentioned, helps the reader to evaluate the effects of stratification that exists in the society of Canada. The revolution, which took place in the past, which aimed to remove the system of social stratification, has also been mentioned in details in the given text. The authors have used the examples of Russian revolution to explain the importance of social reforms. The text also mentions the various importance theories related to the principle of sociology. However, there is no major link with the theory to that of the social inequality that exists in the community. Nevertheless, the text has helped to generate envision, which helped remove the social inequality. One of the main reasons, for the social inequality that exists in th e society, is due to the financial difference of the people. One of the major positive sides of this article is that it has able to mention the link between the mental health conditions of the people with that of the social class of the people. Thus, the authors have been able to raise one of the essential consequences of the social inequality that exists in the society of Europe. The researchers, however, have used the Wrights relational social class to map the social structure, which is a not very reliable technique. However, the research has been able to highlight the importance of skill within the working class of the society, which is considered to be one of the major causes of social inequality. Hence, with the help of the result of the research work, it is possible to raise the awareness among the people about the importance of improving the skill and thereby help in removing the effects of social inequality (De Moortel et al.,2014). The main positive sides of the above mentioned journal are that it has able to raise awareness about the importance of children health, which gets affected due to the adverse effects of social inequality. The researchers also have been able to suggest intervention measures prevent the effects of health inequality that exists within the society. The importance of educational programs in order to improve the health of the status of the children is also mentioned in the article. The search strategy was one of the effective ways, which helps to include all the major relevant articles related to the research topic. However, one of the major limitations of this research work is that the intervention techniques, which have been suggested, can only be applied to the children in the European society (Morrison et al., 2014). Personal Relevance The vital aspects related to social inequality along with its causes and outcomes have been discussed in the given articles thereby providing in-depth analysis and insight into certain pertinent matters. The issues related to social inequality is still now prevalent thwarting the lives of many either directly or in an indirect manner. Therefore knowledge and information relevant to such topic will enhance our understanding so that the issues about social inequality, exclusion and discriminating attitude may be effectively addressed. Acquisition of knowledge and proper application of the principles, ideas relevant to separate professional competencies on matter related to social inequality will aid in avoiding repetitions of the similar mistakes thereby offering promises for actual practice. In this regard, I firmly believe that the principles of social justice need to be stringently followed and utilized in the professional practice to account for healthier and more potent holistic o utcomes allaying the possibility of differential treatments based on social stratification. The socio-economic disparities in health are the resultant effects of this brimming issue of social inequality. I feel enriched on procuring the relevant knowledge through analysis carried out with the help of social analysis tools. The notion of social segregation depending upon ones earnings and flow of money through valid source of income is the major obstacle on the path of ensuring equitable health and other service accessibility and provision. On knowing from the article content, I feel that any deviation from the desirable egalitarian social structure may culminate in dissents and violent mass uprisings as occurred in several countries prominent through empirical historical evidence. Further, the adverse impacts of the social inequality in conjunction with detrimental health outcomes are intimately related. Hence, I think that promotion of suitable interventional strategies and awarene ss campaigns through education is essential to bring out the optimal results. Healthcare and social justice go hand in hand to cater to the needs of the individuals irrespective of their backgrounds. Social cohesion normally accounts for improved health as well as higher income equality. Professional Relevance Social factors encompass the major determinants of health and form the essence of the health inequality paradigm. Hence, in my opinion, the nursing professionals must endeavor to improvise healthy public policy through advocacy of political actions and strategies. Linking from the matter as discussed in the articles, I also came to know that social inequality is a crucial reason for the generation of stress in people whose income is less compared to their wealthy counterparts. Therefore healthcare facility should take urgent note of this detrimental effect and the health infrastructure; services must be revamped accordingly. Material and lifestyle factors also influence the socio-economic outcomes in the relevant individuals and hence attention is to be paid on the vita contexts of social capital, social support and social exclusion. However all the desirable changes or ideal outcomes cannot be achieved on a singular effort basis, rather a collective initiative from the persons in au thority is indispensable to harbor positive, long-term and holistic outcomes. I feel the nurses may apply the knowledge acquired from these journal articles into their professional practice to obtain better and more holistic results. Conclusion All the above mentioned articles and text have been able to highlight the theories and the effects of the social inequality among the weaker section of the society. The weaker section of the people of the society had to suffer from poor mental health condition due to the effects of social inequality. The unfavorable working condition within the social class causes poor performance of the employees. Both men and women are affected due to the poor working environment in the workplace. The social stratification has been one of the major issues of the human society for several thousands of years. All the above mentioned text and articles have been able to highlight the importance of the theories related to the sociology, which helps to identify the reasons and the effects of social inequality. It also raises the level of awareness among the people about the ways to prevent social inequality that exists in the community of Europe. Reference Crdoba-Doa, J. A., Escolar-Pujolar, A., San Sebastin, M., Gustafsson, P. E. (2016). How are the employed and unemployed affected by the economic crisis in Spain? Educational inequalities, life conditions and mental health in a context of high unemployment.BMC public health,16(1), 267. De Moortel, D., Vandenheede, H., Muntaner, C., Vanroelen, C. (2014). Structural and intermediary determinants of social inequalities in the mental well-being of European workers: a relational approach.BMC Public Health,14(1), 938. Macionis, J. Gerber, L. (2008).Sociology(8th ed.). Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall Morrison, J., Pikhart, H., Ruiz, M., Goldblatt, P. (2014). Systematic review of parenting interventions in European countries aiming to reduce social inequalities in childrens health and development.BMC Public Health,14(1), 1040. Veerle, V., Bart De C, V. S., Costongs, C., Barbareschi, G., Jnsson, S. H. (2013). Does neighbourhood social capital aid in leveling the social gradient in the health and well-being of children and adolescents? A literature review.BMC Public Health, 4-18.

The Effect of Publish or Perish Motto on Academics free essay sample

These systems present in most universities acknowledge publications and citations as the evidence Of scholarly achievement and necessity for promotion, grant, and tenure (Dark, 2003). However, incentive and reward systems in academia were considered to lead a publish or perish syndrome by keeping the academic staff under pressure (Bloom et al. , 1988). On the one hand, these systems lead to a an increase in the quantity of books and papers (Bloom et al. , 1988); on the other hand, the quality of the generated knowledge may decrease since the academics aim to reach maximum number of publications (Inlays et al. 2007). As it is seen, these yester have both advantageous and disadvantageous. In this context, the objective of this paper is to analyze whether the incentive and reward systems have institutionalized a restrictive approach to knowledge development or they enhance and encourage the producing of the knowledge. On the other hand, it will be tried to compare the Turkeys current academic environment with the other countries in the context of ethical academic behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Publish or Perish Motto on Academics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page THE OBJECTIVE OF ACADEMICS Marketing as a university discipline has several responsibilities such as; to society, for providing objective knowledge and technically competent, socially expansible, liberally educated graduates; to students, for providing an education that will enable them to get on the socioeconomic ladder and prepare them for their roles as competent, responsible marketers and citizens; to marketing practice, for providing a continuing supply of competent, responsible entrants to the marketing profession and for providing new knowledge about both the micro and macro dimensions of marketing; and to the academy, for upholding its mission of retailing warehousing and producing knowledge, its contract with society of objective knowledge for academic freedom, and its core values of reason, evidence, openness and civility (Hunt, 2002, p. 306). In parallel with this view, Reel (1993, p. 74) claimed that A university has three functions to perform which are to conserve knowledge; to advance knowledge; and to disseminate knowledge. It falls short of the full realization of its aim unless, having provided for the conservation and advancement of knowledge, it makes provision for its dissemination as well.It can be revealed from these statements that, production and dissemination of the knowledge are two of the core missions of universities. Knowledge produced by academic researchers tends to be distributed to the spelling through research books, journals, academic conferences, training and development courses ((Bloom et al. , 1988; McKenzie et al. , 2002; Inlays et al. , 2007). However, according to the American Marketing Association (as of now AMA) Task Force on the development of marketing, academic researchers do not produce and disseminate enough publications (Bloom et al. , 1988). Furthermore, there is a dissemination problem that academicians are not successful in disseminating the knowledge they generate (Inlays et al. , 2007).In order to overcome these problems and increase the production ND dissemination of knowledge, and also to become more competitive, university management boards apply incentive and reward systems (Bloom al. , 1988). INCENTIVE AND REWARDS SYSTEMS At first sight, the incentive and reward systems may be seen well functioning that it leads to increase on knowledge generation and motivate the researchers. However there are several disadvantages and side effects of these systems and in the literature the outcomes of these systems have been criticized by several authors under the publish or perish mantra (List at al. , 2007;Bloom et al. , 1 988; Noisy et al. 2007; Brenna Inkers, 2004; Dark, 2003; Reams, 1 977; Gad-el-hake, 2004). One of the best explanation of publish or perish doctrine made by p. Van Den Burgher (1970, p. 7) as Publishing has become a compulsion. The average academic author does not write because he has something to say, because he hopes to contribute to knowledge, or because he has fun doing it; rather, he writes and publishes in order to improve his vita. This document is frequently the only thing about him which his colleagues will ever read; it is the passport to academic success; and, beyond the routine acquisition of a Ph. D. , published titles are the main ornament of a vita. On the other hand, there are some alternative views such as Blunt (1973) claimed that equating not publishing with perishing is an over determination of the present condition. In fact, in this context incentive and rewards refers to tenure and promotion. Namely, in order to get a tenure or promotion to the more senior academic positions it is essential to publish books, academic paper and be cited (Blunt, 1973). In addition, Reams (1977) claimed that publication is one of the most essential criterion for gaining tenure and promotion in a giggly competitive academic environment which Reams defined this environment as a treacherous dog-eat-dog world metaphorically. Since AMA (1988) claimed that publications in the marketing field is not enough and there need to overcome the impediments in order to increase the quantity of the publications.The AMA assessed several suggestions to motivate the researchers; the researchers must be provided large scale funding source and faculty release time for their research; the average revision time of the journals must be decreased as much as possible, thus further expenditures of time and effort of both reviewers and author s will be reverted; special workshops and consortia must be supported related to the need of the researchers. To sum up, this system is very effective and advantageous in order to motivate the researchers and achieve a maximum number of publications. However, there are also some disadvantageous and side effects of this system. In the next section the negative effects of this system will be criticized.SIDE EFFECTS OF INCENTIVE AND REWARD SYSTEMS As discussed in the preceding sections, the system puts the researcher under the pressure of publishing more and more books, journals and conference papers. The strong and undesirable incentives motivate especially the young academics through knowledge development (Blunt, 1973). However, it is extremely short-term in orientation and the system discourages risk-taking in the development of new ideas, discourages investment in long-term projects on significant issues, and instead encourages minor improvements in establishing ideas (Bloom et al. , 1988). On the other hand, the young academicians have started to publish books without getting enough wisdom in a particular field (Gad-el;hake, 2004).When the researchers age and experience increase, they provide fewer contributions to the journals. The AMA stated the possible reason for this situation as following; (1 ) A sense that the rewards for research and publication have been less than expected or are simply insufficient to justify additional effort. (2) A cumulative frustration with the competitive review processes of the major journals of the field. (3) An increased need or desire for outside income during the middle years of ones career. (4) An increased capability to undertake activities that hold higher personal value (e. G. , teaching consulting, administrative positions) than does research and writing(Bloom et al. 1 988, p. 4). Another important issue affected by the system is the quality concern. Publish or perish philosophy makes the researchers give more importance to the quantity Of the publications rather than quality (Lobscouse, 1974). In order to get a tenure or promotion, most researchers focus on publishing as much as they can, even sometimes they use cut-and-paste to reach their goals. Furthermore, to fulfill the increasing demand for publishing papers, everyday more and more journals enter the academic market. Thus, there have been the journals stratified into several quality categories which fits different quality papers Gad-el-hake, 2004).However, since journals are peer reviewed they can preserve their quality in balance (Bloom et al. , 1988). The quality concern is emerged in book publishing as well and probably more noteworthy that there is no need to be reviewed which makes it easier to publish a book than a journal article accepted (Gad-el-hake, 2004). Gad-el-Hake (2004) provided some extreme examples related to the quantity of publications. The first one is a dean of major school of engineering listed 52 papers that he wrote just in a year which equals to publishing a paper every week. In the second example, a roofless was introduces at a meeting as the author of 80 books in his 20 year career which is equal to a book every three months.Citation documents the flow of information and the links within and among disciplines or other units of analysis (Goldman ; Grainiest, 2010). The number of citations is a dominant criterion for promotion, salary increases and funding. It also will determine to what extent the individual researcher is seen as a thought leader. On the other hand, it is an indicator of quality, innovativeness and contribution of the publication to the science. Therefore, the researchers try o maximize the number of times they are cited (Verviers, 2010). However, except the articles published in top journals which represent the core of a discipline, most articles receive few or no citation (Van Dale ; Slammer, 2005). Also some researchers use make citation unethically.For example, authors generally do not actually consult some of the references they cite, some authors add references at the completion of a research because they support the researchers arguments or findings authors often reference well known authors in order to add credibility and prestige, and that quotations of what is actually written in the references are prevalent (Goldman ; Grainiest, 2010, p. 1 389) As Hunt (2000) claimed another mission of academics is the reta iling the knowledge in terms of teaching. However, since the publish or perish motto force the academics to focus on publications, especially the young academicians give less emphasis to the teaching function (Blunt, 1973). On the other hand, this motto also affects the relationship level between the practitioners and academicians. Brenna and Inkers (2004, p. 511) claimed that It seems clear that although academics loud like to get closer to practitioners, they are Inhibited by institutional factors, such as academic reward systems and the publish or perish culture.Since the Publish or perish culture suppresses the academics, they are tempted to perform unethical behaviors such as copying research, faking data and statistics, intentionally leaving out erroneous findings (Van Dale ; Slammer, 2005). (List et al. , 2007) made a research on this topic and proved that some researchers have falsified the research data; also they became co-authors of the papers without contributing. In addition, Reams 1977) very clearly identified the publication tricks as following; Joint Author Trick, colleagues write papers independently, and they add his / her colleagues name to the paper. Thus, in average both get more point.Experimental Trip trick, in some cases the academics force the students to participate in experiments. Thus, they can set up experiments in a very short time and free of charge. Graduate Student Gap, Graduate students perform great effort to show him qualified, so the academics may use them for library research, analyze and write up the data, or to find new creative research epics. Senior Author Trick, sometimes the junior academics use the name of senior, well-known authors in their studies without their contribution to publish their articles in top journals and books in quality publishers. Kitchen Sink Trick, since the data gathering phase is time consuming, they may use the same data more than once for different articles. In order to overcome the side effects of the publish or perish concept, Gad-el-Hake (2004) offered some suggestions such as; resumes submitted to promotion and tenure committees should be limited to listing only 5-10 the most significant publications; co-authors should contribute meaningfully to a publication and no name should be added merely because he or she is a member of a research group, or worse, the head of the group; journals should publish their impact factor and it should be an important consideration when libraries decide which journals to drop; Completed book manuscripts should go through peer review before publication. PUBLISH OR PERISH SYSTEM IN TURKEY In this section, as an academic member In a university, I will express my observations about the functioning of publish or perish system by comparing with the outside Of Turkey. There is an incentive and rewards system in Turkey as well. For example, In order to apply for an Associate Professor position, academicians hav e to get at least 6 points by publishing books, articles, conference papers and being cited (AUK, 2012). In addition, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TIBIA) makes payment for the articles published in top journals in order to motivate academics.However the side effects in terms unethical academic consequences of the system is very similar to the other countries. Probably, one of the most important factors is they are assigned many courses to teach ND also they are charged with administrative work load. The most common unethical behaviors in Turkey are plagiarism refers to stealing from other authors publications without citation and permission, duplication which is publishing the same or similar papers in different journals or conferences, Fabrication which is making up unreal results and publish, and Solicitation refers to slicing up one research in more or less identical papers (Rican, 2008).As indicated in the AMA task force report (1988), most of the senior academicians slow up researching and publishing, instead they mostly focus n consulting to the private sector companies, administrative functions, organizing conferences in their most productive period in Turkey as well. On the other hand in order to increase the quantity of their publications some academics search for the journals, mostly in third world countries such as African journals, that they can easily publish their unqualified articles. Furthermore, some of the academics make a deal with publishing companies to pub lish their book. Actually, the aim is not selling the book and making profit.In most cases the only reason is just getting point to get a promotion r tenure. In addition, authors in Turkey use joint author trick which was stated by Reams (1977) to gain more point. For instance, there are three colleagues and each of them prepared a paper. If they publish them as single authored in an international journal, each will get 3 points independently. However, if they write the other two colleagues names as co-authors each will get 5. 4 point which is approximately twice of the former choice (AUK, 2012). CONCLUSION To sum up, producing and disseminating Of the knowledge is one Of the most crucial missions for the universities.To accomplish this duty, the administrative directors of the universities and Institutes of Higher Education use some incentive and reward systems. However, in some cases these strategies put the academic staff under the pressure which is called as the Publish or Perish motto. Thus, in order to survive in the academic world, the members sometimes look for some unethical ways such as plagiarism, solicitation, duplication, fabrication, joint author, publishing unqualified books, and so on. While the quantity of the publications increases, their quality may decrease. In my opinion, being academic members must be encouraged by increasing the salary of the member, providing extra Opportunities, to increase the attraction of being a faculty member.